Blog-19 中国産イチハツ西欧文献，H. F. Hance Iris tomiolopha，Franchet “Plantæ Davidianæ”

Iris tectorum

　西欧に最初に紹介されたのは，日本で栽培されていたイチハツであったが，中国に西欧人が入るようになると，原産地の中国で実際に庭で育てたり，野生からの採取が行われたりして，西欧にその情報が伝えられた．初期に欧州で育苗園や，植物園で育てられたのは，中国から送られた種からであろう．

イギリスの外交官のハンスは，1814年に中国に派遣され、外交官の仕事の余暇に中国の植物を収集し，英国の植物雑誌などに多くの新種を発表した．彼は中国人の庭に育てられていたイチハツを自分の庭で栽培し，性状が Iris tectorum と異なる新種と判断し，Iris tomiolophaの学名をつけて，1872 年に英国の植物誌に発表した．しかし後に I.  tectorum と同一種と判明し，この学名は Iris tectorum の synonym とされている．

ハンスが英国に送った種は無事に成長し花を開き，1874年にはカーチスのボタニカルマガジンに美しい多色石版画で紹介された．（次記事）

また，日本産植物の研究をサバティエの採取した標本に基づいて行い『日本植物目録』(1875 - 79) を出版したフランシェは，パンダやハンカチノキを西欧に初めて紹介したダヴィット神父が採取し，パリの自然博物館に送った腊葉標本を研究した．その成果を “Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum imperio ” で発表したが，その中には，イチハツもあり，三点のイチハツの標本が現在 NET で見ることができる．

ヘンリー・フレッチャー・ハンス（Henry Fletcher Hance，1827 - 1886）は，イギリスの外交官で，1814年に香港に派遣され，その後，広州の黄埔の副領事，広東の領事，厦門の領事を務め，厦門で没し，香港に埋葬された．外交官の仕事の余暇に中国の植物を収集し，英国植物雑誌などに多くの新種を発表した．

彼は地元（Whampoa, 黄埔）の庭に植えられていたイチハツの根茎を得て，自分の庭で栽培し，二年後に花が咲いた．この植物の性状が Iris tectorum と異なると判断し，Iris tomiolophaの学名をつけて，1872 年に英国の植物誌 “Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. London, Vol. 10” に新種として発表した．しかし後にI. tectorum と同一種と判明し，現在この学名は I. tectorum の synonym とされている．

“Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. London” 10. 229-231 (1872)

ON A NEW SPECIES OE IRIS.

By H. F. HANCE, Ph.D., etc.

Iris tomiolopha, sp. nov.  Acaulis, rhisomate albid crasso tortuoso no-

duloso tenuiter annulate, innovationibus sessihbus, foliis læe viridibus

arete equitantibus falcato-eusiformibus acutis ob nervos 6 reliquis Paulo

fortiores 3 pagina superiore 3 inferiore parum prominulos folia

pedalibus medio 12-16 lin. latis. scapis subcompressis subptuinosis folia

subæquantibus, spathis herbaceis complanatis bifloris trivalvibus valba

exteriore lanceolato-lineari 5-pollicari florem pnius explauatum superante

altera ovata acuta 2-pollicari tubo floris serius expansi æquilonga intima

conformi eo dimidio breviore, floribus diurnis inodoris 3 (1/2) poll, diametro

erectis, pedicellis ovarii longitudine, perigonii tubo crassiusculo viridescente

pollicari ore callis 6 glandulosis instructo, laciniis subsequalibus,

exterioribus late unguiculatis inferne ereeto-patentibus superne reflexis

ungue albido venis violaceis percurso crista siraplici conspicua grosse

inæqualiter laciniata alba violaceo-striata usque ad medium laminam

producta apiceque dimidiam fere ejus latitudinem adsequante aucto et

prseterea lineis 3 elevatis laminam haud attingentibus utrinque notato

lamina obovato-rotundata obtusa margine crispulo-undulata lilacina

maculis linearibus saturatioribus picta, interioribus erectis angustius unguiculatis

ungue lateribusconniventi-inflexis albido purpureo-picto lamina

dilute lilacina prater imam basin immaculata cochleariformi obtusa margine

crispulo-undulata, filamentis liberis complanatis pallide lilacinis

antheras albidas lamillulara haud attingentes duplo longioribus, stylo

inferne tubo perigonii adnato superne libero, stigmatibus magnis ligulatis

sursum sensim paulo latioribus dilute lilacinis perigonii laciniis dimidio

brevioribus cristis ad basin usque bifidis divaricatis oblique truncatis extus

irregulariter argute serratis lamillula papillulosa angustissima truncata

laminæ sequilata.

The above character is drawn up from specimens which flowered with

me in April of this year for the first time, the rhizomes having been obtained

two years ago from a native garden, where the plant was cultivated

for ornament. It is probably a native of one of the interior provinces.

Though the rhizomes are almost tasteless, they leave in the throat, when

chewed, a very unpleasant sensation of heat, acridity, and dryness. The

affinity of this very handsome species is with the Japanese I. tectorum,

Maxim. ; the Nipalese I. decora, Wall. ; and the North American I. cristata,

Ait. The former differs from the description * in having very acuminate

and deeply keeled leaves, a two-valved spathe, with the valves blunt, and

I suppose nearly equal ; both series of the perigone-segments reflexed and

alike in shape, besides other points. The second has longer, narrower, and

sharper leaves,—I believe a two-valved spathe,—the perigone-segments

are differently coloured and split, the crest is smaller and merely toothed,

and the stigmas are of a different shape and longer. I. cristata, winch

agrees with the Chinese plant in its 3-valved spathe, is much smaller; the

leafy shoots are stalked, the perigone-tube is thread-like, exceeds the

spathe, and is much longer than the segments, which are uniform in

colour, and with a different crest, etc.

The section to which this plant and its allies belong,—and which might

be called Lophiris —has been altogether overlooked by M. Spach in his

revision of the genus, + which, notwithstanding its many omissions,—

arising mainly from a praiseworthy resolution not to attempt to class

species of this difficult genus only known to him from dried specimens,—

is, in my judgment, a more successful attempt at a natural grouping of

the species than those which have since been made by Parlatore, Will-

komm, Klatt, and Alefeld. Although the genus Iris, as usually circum-

scribed, shows considerable diversity of structure, yet the different modi-

fications are so variously combined, that no two of the botanists who have

proposed its dismemberment are at all agreed as to the limits of the genera

* Mel. Biolog. Acad. Petersb. vii. 563.

+ Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 3, v. 89. sqq.

to be admitted, those of one author in every instance encroaching on those

of others, and including one or more species classed differently by some

other writer.* This in itself seems to me a convincing proof that the old

genus is far more natural than the proposed segregates. I think, however,

that Hermodactylus, which is distinguished by the remarkable character

of a unilocular ovary, has been rightly separated by Parlatore, but with

this exception, so far from dismembering the genus, I should be rather

inclined, as suggested by M. Spach, to augment it by the addition of

Moræa. Mr. Baker has recently detached the bulbous species from

those furnished with a rhizome;+ but it is to be observed that these dif-

ferences are not associated with co-extensive peculiarities of floral struct-

ure, plants which agree in this respect being sometimes manifestly allied

to members of the other series. Moreover, I believe it to be unphiloso-

phical to found a genus on a solitary vegetative character ; and, although

there is a tendency on the part of pteridologists and bryologists to exalt

such characters at the expense of those derived from the reproductive

organs, or at any rate to assign them a co-ordinate value, such a course,

when dealing with flowering plants, is certainly opposed to the consensus

of botanists. If Mr. Baker's views are adopted, it will be necessary, in

the allied Order Liliacece, to separate the section Rhiziridium from the

bulbous Allia.

* E. g. Iris Caucasian, Hoffm., has been referred to five different genera by recent authors

+ Journal of Botany, ix. 9. sqq,

日本産植物の研究を，お雇い外国人として横須賀製鉄所に勤務していたサバティエの採取した標本に基づいて行い『日本植物目録』(Enumeratio Plantarum in Japonia Sponte Crescentium, 1875 - 79) を出版したフランシェ (Adrien René Franchet, 1834-1900) は，パンダやハンカチノキを西欧に初めて紹介したダヴィット神父 (Armand David, 1826 - 1900) が中国各地で採取し，パリの自然博物館に送った腊葉標本を研究したが，その内には，52の新種が発見された．その成果は “Plantae Davidianae ex Sinarum imperio ” (1884 – 1900) に発表されたが，その第一巻にはイチハツを神父が 1873年の四月に，中国のほぼ中央に位置する陝西省南部の丘で観察したと，引用文献と共に掲載されている．

フランシェは，サバティエが横須賀で採取したイチハツの腊葉標本を見ていて， I. Tectorum と同定していたので（『日本植物目録』，前記事），この同定を行えたのであろう．

★Franchet “Plantæ Davidianæ ex Sinarum imperio. I. Plantes de Mongolie du nord et du centre de la Chine” (1884)

[Plants collected by Armand David from the Chinese empire. I. Plants of Northern Mongolia and Central China.]

942- IR. TECTORUM, Maxim.

Maxim. In Bull. Acad. Pétersh., VII, p. 563, et Mol. biol., X, p 736; Regel

Gartenfl., tab. 746; Bot. mag. Tab. 6118; Franch. Et Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap., II, p. 41

Chensi méridional, sur les collines. Avril 1873

神父が採集し，パリのフランス自然博物館の標本館が収蔵しているイチハツ三点の標本を現在 NET で見ることができる．（https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/item/list?full_text=Iris+tectorum）

夫々のラベルには以下の様に書かれている．

		①	②	➂
		HERB. MUS. PARIS.	HERB. MUS. PARIS.
		Iris tectorum Max.	Iris tectorum Max.	Iris tectorum Max.
		Shensi mérid.	Shensi mérid.	Shensi méridional
		?. ?. David  Avril 1873	?. ?. David  Avril 1873	Avril 1873
				by. ?. ?. Arm. David
				A. Franchet